Olunye ulwazi okufanele ukwazi nge-USB

Lesi sihloko simayelana nezinga lebhasi yekhompyutha. Ukusetshenziswa okunye, bheka i-USB (disambiguation).

I-Universal Serial Bus (USB) iyindinganiso yemboniindinganiso yemboni, eyakhiwe yi-I-USB Implementers Forum (I-USB-IF), yokudlulisa idijithali nokulethwa kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto zikagesi. Icacisa ukwakheka, ikakhulukazi i-izixhumanisi, kanyenezimiso zokuxhumana ukuya nokubuya kuma-host, njenge-amakhompyutha omuntu siqu, ukuya nokubuya kuma-eperiferali amadivayisi, isb. izibonisi, amakhibhodi, nezinto zokugcina ezinkulu, nokuya nokubuya kuma-hub aphakathi, andisa inani lezimbobo ze-host.[2]

Yethulwa ngo-1996, i-USB ekuqaleni yayiklanyelwe ukumisa ukuxhumana kwama-peripheral kumakhompyutha, ithatha indawo yezixhumanisi ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-izimbobo zochungechunge, izimbobo ezihambisanayo, izimbobo zemidlalo, kanye I-Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) izimbobo.[3] Izinhlobo zakuqala ze-USB zaba yinto evamile ezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi, njengamakhibhodi, amagundane, amakhamera, amaphrinta, izikena, ama-flash drive, ama-smartphone, ama-game console, namabhange amandla.[4] Kusukela lapho, i-USB iguquke yaba yindinganiso yokufaka esikhundleni sazo zonke izimbobo ezivamile kumakhompyutha, amadivayisi eselula, izingxenye zekhompyutha, izinto zikagesi, nezinye izinto ezincane eziningi.

Estandardini sakamuva, i-USB-C umxhumanisi ushintsha izinhlobo eziningi zezixhumi zamandla (ukuze kufike ku-240 W), izibonisi (isb. DisplayPort, HDMI), kanye nezinye izinhlelo eziningi, kanye nazo zonke izixhumi ze-USB ezedlule.

Njengoba ku-2024, USB consists of four generations of specifications: USB 1.x, USB 2.0, USB 3.x, and USB4. The USB4 specification enhances the data transfer and power delivery functionality with "a connection-oriented tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically shared."[2] In particular, USB4 supports the tunneling of the Thunderbolt 3 izimiso zokuxhumana, okuyilezi PCI Express (PCIe, isixhumi esilayisha/igcina) kanye DisplayPort (isixhumi sokubonisa). I-USB4 futhi yengeza izixhumi zekhompyutha ukuya kwenye ikhompyutha.[2]

Inguqulo ngayinye engaphansi yesimiso isekela izinga lokusayina kusukela ku-1.5 no-12 Mbit/s i-half-duplex ku-USB 1.0/1.1 kuya ku-80 Gbit/s i-full-duplex ku-USB4 2.0.[5][6][7][2] I-USB iphinde inikeze amandla emishinini esetshenziswa eceleni; izinguqulo zakamuva zomthetho zandisa imikhawulo yokulethwa kwamandla ukuze kushajwe amabhethri kanye nemishini edinga amawathi angafika ku-240 njengoba kuchaziwe ku-Ukulethwa kwamandla kwe-USB (USB-PD) Rev. V3.1.[8] Eminyakeni edlule, i-USB(-PD) isamukelwe njengendlela ejwayelekile yokunikeza amandla nokushaja izinto eziningi eziphathwayo, njengomakhalekhukhwini, okunciphisa isidingo sezishaja ezingezona ezijwayelekile.[9]

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I-USB yakhelwe ukumisa ukuxhumana kwe-amaphrothokholi angaphandle kumakhompyutha omuntu siqu, ukuze kushintshwe idatha futhi kunikezwe amandla kagesi. Ithathe indawo yezixhumi eziningi ezifana ne-izimbobo zochungechunge kanye ne-izimbobo ezihambisanayo futhi isiyinto evamile emishinini ehlukahlukene. Izinto ezingaphandle ezixhunywe nge-USB zihlanganisa amakhibhodi namagundane ekhompyutha, amakhamera, amaphrinta, izinto zokudlala eziphathwayo, izingcingo zedijithali eziphathwayo (ezithwalekayo), amadrayivu ediski, nama-adaptha enethiwekhi.

Izixhumi ze-USB sezithathe indawo yezinye izinhlobo zezintambo zokushaja zamadivayisi aphathwayo.[10][11][12]

Izixhumi ze-USB zihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: izixhumi eziningi ezahlukene ezindala ze-Type-A (ukukhuphuka) ne-Type-B (ukwehla) ezitholakala kuma-host, ama-hub, namadivayisi e-peripheral, kanye ne-Type-C yesimanje (I-USB-C) isixhumi, esithatha indawo yezixhumi eziningi ezindala njengesixhumi esisetshenziswa kuphela kwi-USB4.

Izinhlobo zokuxhuma ze-Type-A ne-Type-B zatholakala ngosayizi abajwayelekile, ama-Mini, nama-Micro. Uhlobo olujwayelekile lwalulukhulu kakhulu futhi lwalusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ama-desktop nezinto zokusebenza ezinkulu ezingaphandle. Izixhumi ze-Mini-USB (i-Mini-A, i-Mini-B, i-Mini-AB) zethulwa ukuze zisetshenziswe kumadivayisi athathwayo. Kodwa-ke, zasheshe zathathelwa indawo izixhumi ezincanyana ze-Micro-USB (i-Micro-A, i-Micro-B, i-Micro-AB). Isixhumi sohlobo lwe-Type-C, esaziwa nangokuthi i-USB-C, asiyona eyakwa-USB kuphela, siyisona sihlobo esisemthethweni samanje se-USB, siyadingeka ku-USB4, futhi siyadingeka eminye imigomo, okuhlanganisa ne-DisplayPort yesimanje ne-Thunderbolt. Siyakwazi ukuguquguquka futhi singasekela imisebenzi nezimiso ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-USB; eminye iyimpoqo, futhi eminingi iyimfuneko ngokuzithandela, kuye ngohlobo lwe-hardware: umsingathi, idivayisi engaphandle, noma i-hub.[13][14]

Izincazelo ze-USB zinikeza ukuhambisana kokubuyela emuva, ngokuvamile kuholela ezingeni lokukhuluma elincishisiwe, amandla aphezulu anikezwayo, nezinye izici. Incazelo ye-USB 1.1 ithatha indawo ye-USB 1.0. Incazelo ye-USB 2.0 iyahambisana nokubuyela emuva ne-USB 1.0/1.1. Incazelo ye-USB 3.2 ithatha indawo ye-USB 3.1 (nase-USB 3.0) ngenkathi ifaka incazelo ye-USB 2.0. I-USB4 "ithatha indawo" ye-USB 3.2 ngenkathi igcina i-USB 2.0 ibhasi isebenza ngokuhambisana.[5][6][7][2]

I-USC 3.0 ichaza ukwakhiwa okusha kanye neprotocol ebizwa nge-SuperSpeed (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-SuperSpeed USB, ethengiswa njenge-SS), okuhlanganisa umzila omusha wohlelo olusha lokubhala amasignali (izimpawu ze-8b/10b, 5 Gbit/s; kamuva eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Gen 1) enikeza ukudluliswa kwedatha okugcwele-duplex okudinga izintambo ezinhlanu ezengeziwe kanye nezikhonkwane, kuyilapho kugcinwa ukwakhiwa kwe-USB 2.0 kanye neprotocols, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwa izikhonkwane/izintambo ezi-4 zokuqala ze-USB 2.0 ukuze kuhambisane emuva, okuholela ezintamboni eziyi-9 (ezinezikhonkwane eziyi-9 noma eziyi-10 ezindaweni zokuxhuma; i-ID-pin ayixhunyiwe) sezizonke.

Imininingwane ye-USB 3.1 yethula i-Enhanced SuperSpeed System – ngenkathi igcina ukwakheka kwe-SuperSpeed kanye neprotocol (SuperSpeed USB) – ene-SuperSpeedPlus architecture kanye neprotocol (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-SuperSpeedPlus USB) engeza uhlelo olusha lokubhala (izimpawu ze-128b/132b, 10 Gbit/s; eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Gen 2); isikhathi esithile yathengiswa njenge-SuperSpeed+ (SS+).

I-USC 3.2 specification[15] yengeze umzila wesibili ku-Enhanced SuperSpeed System ngaphandle kwezinye izithuthukisi ukuze ingxenye ye-SuperSpeedPlus USB yesistimu isebenzise izindlela zokusebenza ze-Gen 1×2, Gen 2×1, kanye ne-Gen 2×2. Nokho, ingxenye ye-SuperSpeed USB yesistimu isasebenzisa indlela yokusebenza yomzila owodwa i-Gen 1×1. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwemizila emibili, okuyi-USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 (10 Gbit/s) kanye ne-Gen 2×2 (20 Gbit/s), kungenzeka kuphela nge-Full-Featured USB-C. Kusukela ngo-2023, azikaze zisetshenziswe kakhulu; i-Intel, nokho, yaqala ukuzifaka kumamodeli ayo e-11th-generation SoC processor, kodwa i-Apple ayizange izinikeze. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-USB 3.2 Gen 1(×1) (5 Gbit/s) kanye ne-Gen 2(×1) (10 Gbit/s) sekuyinto evamile iminyaka ethile.

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Main article: USB hardware § Connectors

Each USB connection is made using two connectors: a receptacle and a plug. Pictures show only receptacles:

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I-Universal Serial Bus yathuthukiswa ukuze kwenziwe lula futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha omuntu siqu namadivayisi asemaceleni, njengama-cell phone, izinsiza zekhompyutha, nama-monitor, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso ezazikhona ngaphambilini noma izindlela ezikhethekile ze-ad hoc.[17]

Kusukela embonini yomsebenzisi wekhompyutha, i-USB interface ithuthukisa ukusebenza kalula ngezindlela eziningi:

Umthetho we-USB unikeza izinzuzo eziningi kubakhiqizi bezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha nabathuthukisi be-software, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kalula:

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Njengazo zonke izindinganiso, i-USB inezingqinamba eziningi ekwakhiweni kwayo:

Kumthuthukisi womkhiqizo, ukusebenzisa i-USB kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwephrothokholi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kusho isilawuli esihlakaniphile emshinini oxhumene. Abathuthukisi bamadivayisi e-USB ahloselwe ukuthengiswa emphakathini ngokuvamile kufanele bathole i-USB ID, edinga ukuthi bakhokhe imali kwi-I-USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Abathuthukisi bemikhiqizo esebenzisa imithetho ye-USB kumele basayine isivumelwano ne-USB-IF. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu ze-USB emkhiqizweni kudinga izinkokhelo zonyaka kanye nobulungu enhlanganweni.[17]

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Uphawu oluyisisekelo lwe-USB trident

Iqembu lezinkampani eziyisikhombisa laqala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-USB ngo-1995:[21] Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, I-NEC, kanye ne-I-Nortel. Inhloso kwakuwukwenza kube lula ngokuyisisekelo ukuxhuma amadivayisi angaphandle kumakhompyutha e-PC ngokushintsha inqwaba yezixhumi ezingemuva kwama-PC, ukubhekana nezinkinga zokusebenziseka kwezixhumanisi ezikhona, nokwenza lula ukuhlelwa kwesofthiwe yawo wonke amadivayisi axhunywe ku-USB, kanye nokuvumela amazinga aphezulu okudlulisa idatha kumadivayisi angaphandle kanye ne-plug and play izici.[22] Imiqondo ye-1979 ye-I-Atari SIO ibhasi elilandelanayo, lamakhompyutha e-Atari angu-8-bit, kanye ne-1980 ye-I-IEEE-488 etholwe ku-Ibhasi ye-Commodore, kanye ne-Hewlett Packard'sHP-IL ibhasi yahola le ndlela.[23][24] Umfelandawonye oholwa yi-Apple, futhi uqukethe i-Sony, i-Panasonic (Matsushita), i-LG, i-Toshiba, i-Hitachi, i-Cannon, i-Philips Electronics, i-Compaq, i-Thomson kanye ne-Texas Instruments, bahlakulela lo mqondo ngokwengeziwe, kusukela ngo-1986, njenge-IEEE 1394izinga le-firewire kanye ne-patent pool.[25]Joseph C. Decuir, owayekade ese-Atari, kwase kuba se-Commodore, futhi engumklami we-Atari SIO common bus, wayezosebenza kuphrojekthi ye-USB, emele i-Microsoft, ethola enye yamalungelo obunikazi ase-US.[26]Ajay Bhatt kanye neqembu lakhe[a] basebenza ezingeni le-Intel;[28][29] okokuqalaama-integrated circuits asekela i-USB akhiqizwa yi-Intel ngo-1995.[30]

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Ilogo ye-USB ye-Basic-Speed

Yakhishwa ngoJanuwari 1996, i-USB 1.0 yacacisa amazinga okusayina angu-1.5 Mbit/s (I-Bandwidth ephansi noma i-Speed ephansi) kanye no-12 Mbit/s (I-Speed egcwele).[31] Ayizange ivumele izintambo zokwelula, ngenxa yezinkinga zesikhathi namandla. Izinto ezimbalwa ze-USB zafika emakethe kwaze kwaba yilapho i-USB 1.1 ikhishwa ngo-Agasti 1998. I-USB 1.1 kwakuwukubuyekezwa kokuqala okwamukelwa kabanzi futhi kwaholela kulokho i-Microsoft eyakubiza ngokuthi "Ikhompyutha engena-Legacy".[32][33][34]

I-USB 1.0 noma i-1.1 ayizange icacise umklamo wanoma yisiphi isixhumi esincane kune-standard type A noma type B. Nakuba imiklamo eminingi yohlobo oluncane lwe-type B yavela kuma-peripherals amaningi, ukuhambisana ne-USB 1.x standard kwaphazanyiswa ukuphatha ama-peripherals anezixhumi ezincane sengathi anoxhumo oluboshiwe (okungukuthi: ayikho i-plug noma i-receptacle ekugcineni kwe-peripheral). Kwakungekho sixhumi esincane sohlobo lwe-type A esaziwayo kwaze kwaba yilapho i-USB 2.0 (revision 1.01) yethula enye.

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Ilogo ye-Hi-Speed USB

I-USB 2.0 yakhululwa ngo-April 2000, yengeza izinga eliphezulu lokusayina elingu-480 Mbit/s (umthamo omkhulu wedatha ongatholakala ngokwethiyori ongu-53 MByte/s[35]) elibizwa nge- High Speed noma High Bandwidth, ngaphezu kwezinga lokusayina le-USB 1.x Full Speed elingu-12 Mbit/s (umthamo omkhulu wedatha ongatholakala ngokwethiyori ongu-1.2 MByte/s).[36]

Izinguquko kucaciso lwe-USB zenziwe nge-izaziso zoshintsho lobunjiniyela (ama-ECN). Okubaluleke kakhulu kulawa ma-ECN kufakiwe kuphakheji yocaciso lwe-USB 2.0 etholakala ku-USB.org:[37]

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Inhloko yesihloko:I-USB 3.0

Ilogo ye-SuperSpeed USB engasasebenzi

Imininingwane ye-USB 3.0 yakhishwa ngomhla ka-12 Novemba 2008, nokuphathwa kwayo kudluliselwa kusuka ku-USB 3.0 Promoter Group kuya ku-USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) futhi kwamenyezelwa ngomhla ka-17 Novemba 2008 eSuperSpeed USB Developers Conference.[39]

I-USB 3.0 yengeza ukwakheka okusha kanye nomthetho olandelwayo obizwa nge- SuperSpeed, ene-ehlehlayo izipulaki, izitsha, nezintambo. Izipulaki nezitsha ze-SuperSpeed zikhonjwa nge-logo ehlukile kanye nokufakwa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezitsheni ezijwayelekile.

I-SuperSpeed architecture ihlinzeka ngemodi yokusebenza ngezinga elingu-5.0 Gbit/s, ngaphezu kwezimodi ezintathu ezikhona zokusebenza. Ukusebenza kwayo kahle kuncike ezintweni eziningi ezihlanganisa ukubhalwa kwezimpawu zomzimba kanye ne-link-level overhead. Ngezinga lokusayina elingu-5 Gbit/s nge-ukubhala nge-8b/10b, i-byte ngayinye idinga ama-bits ayi-10 ukudluliswa, ngakho-ke i-raw throughput ingu-500 MB/s. Uma kubhekwa ukulawulwa kokugeleza, ukwakhiwa kwamaphakethe kanye nezindleko zeprothokholi, kungenzeka ukuthi cishe ingxenye yesibili kathathu ye-raw throughput, noma u-330 MB/s idluliselwe kuhlelo lokusebenza.[40]: 4–19  I-SuperSpeed architecture i-i-full-duplex; zonke izinto zangaphambili, i-USB 1.0-2.0, ziyi-half-duplex, ezilawulwa i-host.[41]

Amadivayisi aphansi namandla aphezulu aqhubeka nokusebenza nalesi standard, kodwa amadivayisi asebenzisa iSuperSpeed angahlinzeka ngamanje aphezulu phakathi kuka-150 mA no-900 mA, ngezinyathelo ezihlukene zika-150 mA.[40]: 9–9 

I-USB 3.0 iphinde yethula iI-USB Attached SCSI Protocol (UASP), ehlinzeka ngokuhamba okusheshayo ngokujwayelekile kune-BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol.

USB 3.1,[5] ikhishwe ngoJulayi 2013 inezinhlobo ezimbili. Eyokuqala igcina i-USB 3.0's SuperSpeed architecture kanye ne-protocol, futhi indlela yokusebenza kwayo ibizwa nge-USB 3.1 Gen 1,[42] [43][44] kanti inguqulo yesibili yethula i-SuperSpeedPlus architecture entsha kanye ne-protocol enendlela yesibili yokusebenza ebizwa nge-USB 3.1 Gen 2 (ethengiswa njenge-SuperSpeed+ USB). I-SuperSpeedPlus iphindaphinda izinga lokuthumela umkhawulo libe ngu-10 Gbit/s (kamuva lathengiswa njenge-SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps yi-USB 3.2 specification), kuyilapho inciphisa umthwalo wokubhala umugqa ube ngu-3% kuphela ngokushintsha i-uhlelo lokubhala ngekhodi kuya 128b/132b.[42][45]

USB 3.2, ekhishwe ngoSepthemba 2017,[15] igcina izakhiwo nezimiso zokusebenza ze-USB 3.1 SuperSpeed ne-SuperSpeedPlus kanye nezindlela zazo zokusebenza, kodwa yethula ezinye izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza ze-SuperSpeedPlus (USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 ne-USB 3.2 Gen 2×2) nge-USB-C Fabric enezinga lokusayina elingu-10 no-20 Gbit/s (izinga elinguhlaza ledatha elingu-1212 no-2424 MB/s). Ukwenyuka komkhawulokudonsa kubangelwa ukusebenza kwemizila emibili emiculweni ekhona ekuqaleni eyayihloselwe amandla okuguquguquka esixhumi se-USB-C.[46]

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Ukuqala ngokucaciswa kwe-USB 3.2, i-USB-IF yethula uhlelo olusha lokuqamba.[47] Ukuze kusizakale izinkampani ngokumaka izindlela ezahlukene zokusebenza, i-USB-IF yancoma ukumaka amandla we-5, 10, no-20 Gbit/s njenge-SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps, SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, kanye ne-SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps, ngokulandelana.[48]

Ngo-2023, zashintshwa futhi,[49] kususwa igama elithi "SuperSpeed", kwafakwa i-USB 5Gbps, i-USB 10Gbps, ne-USB 20Gbps. Ngemifanekiso emisha ye-Packaging ne-Port.[50]

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Inhloko eyinhloko: USB4

Ilogo ye-Certified USB4 engasasebenzi

I-USB4 specification yakhululwa ngomhla ka-29 Agasti 2019 yi-USB Implementers Forum.[51]

I-USB4 2.0 specification yakhululwa ngomhla ka-1 Septhemba 2022 yi-USB Implementers Forum.[52]

I-USB4 isuselwe ku-Thunderbolt 3 iphrothokholi.[53] Isekela ukudluliswa kwedatha okungu-40 Gbit/s, iyahambisana ne-Thunderbolt 3, futhi ibuyela emuva ihambisane ne-USB 3.2 ne-USB 2.0.[54][55] Ukwakheka kuchaza indlela yokwabelana ngesixhumanisi esisodwa esinesivinini esikhulu nezinhlobo eziningi zamadivayisi okugcina ngokuguquguqukayo okusiza kakhulu ukudluliswa kwedatha ngohlobo nohlelo lokusebenza.

Ngesikhathi se-CES 2020, i-USB-IF ne-Intel baveze inhloso yabo yokuvumela imikhiqizo ye-USB4 esekela yonke imisebenzi engakhethwa njenge-Thunderbolt 4 imikhiqizo.

I-USB4 2.0 enejubane elingu-80 Gbit/s yayizokwethulwa ngoNovemba 2022.[56][57] Eminye imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yayizokhishwa ezinsukwini ezimbili zokuthuthukisa i-USB ezihlelelwe uNovemba 2022.[58][idinga ukubuyekezwa]

Imithetho ye-USB4 ichaza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obulandelayo kufanele busekelwe yi-USB4:[2]

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Uhlolojikelele lohlelo lokuqamba lwe-USB olwamiswa ngoSepthemba 2022

(Kuboniswa ingxube yezicaciso ze-USB namagama azo okumaketha

ngoba izicaciso ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa kabi njengamagama okumaketha.)

[kuphikiswana (ngoba: i-USB4 20 Gbit/s ayikho; i-USB4 2×2 ayishintsheki ne-USB 3.2 2×2 njengoba kukhonjisiwe ilogo; amalogo e-USB 3.x ne-USB4 ahlukile.) – xoxa]

Ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuqamba ezingaqondakali zangaphambilini, i-USB-IF yanquma ukuyishintsha futhi. Kusukela ngomhla ka-2 Septhemba 2022, amagama okumaketha alandela uhlelo lokubhala "USB xGbps", lapho u-x eyisivinini sokudlulisa nge-Gbit/s.[59] Uhlaziyo lwamagama nezimpawu ezibuyekeziwe zingabonakala kuthebula eliseduze.

Izindlela zokusebenza i-USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 ne-USB4 Gen 2×2 – noma: i-USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 ne-USB4 Gen 2×1 – azishintsheki noma azihambelani; wonke ama-controller abamba iqhaza kumele asebenze ngendlela efanayo.

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Isistimu ye-USB iqukethe umphathi onamachweba abheke phansi (DFP),[67] kanye nezingxenyekazi eziningi, zakha i-topology yenkanyezi. Okwengeziweama-hub e-USB kungafakwa, okuvumela amazinga afinyelela kwayisihlanu. I-USB host ingaba nezilawuli eziningi, ngayinye inamachweba amaningi. Amadivayisi afinyelela ku-127 angaxhunywa kusilawuli esisodwa se-host.[68][40]: 8–29  Amadivayisi e-USB axhunywa ngokulandelana ngama-hub. I-hub eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kusilawuli se-host ibizwa ngokuthi i-root hub.

Idivayisi ye-USB ingaba nezingxenye eziningi ezinengqondo ezingaphansi ezibizwa ngokuthi imisebenzi yedivayisi. Idivayisi eyinhlanganisela ingahlinzeka ngemisebenzi eminingana, isibonelo, i-ikhamera yewebhu (umsebenzi wedivayisi yevidiyo) enemakrofoni eyakhelwe ngaphakathi (umsebenzi wedivayisi yomsindo). Okunye okungasetshenziswa esikhundleni salokhu i- compound device, lapho umphathi (host) enikeza idivayisi ngayinye enengqondo (logical device) ikheli elihlukile futhi wonke amadivayisi anengqondo axhuma ku-hub eyakhelwe ngaphakathi exhuma entanjeni ye-USB ebonakalayo.

Izindawo zokugcina ze-USB (endpoints) zihlala kudivayisi engaphansi (peripheral device): Imigudu eya kumphathi ibizwa ngokuthi ama-pipes.

Ukuxhumana kwedivayisi ye-USB kusekelwe emapayipini (iziteshi ezinengqondo). Ipayipi lixhuma isilawuli somkhosi nento enengqondo ngaphakathi kwedivayisi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-endpoint. Ngenxa yokuthi amapayipi ahambisana nama-endpoint, amagama ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa ngokushintshana. Idivayisi ngayinye ye-USB ingaba nama-endpoint afinyelela ku-32 (16 angenele noma 16 aphumele), nakuba kungavamile ukuba namaningi kangaka. Ama-endpoint achazwa futhi anikezwe izinombolo yidivayisi ngesikhathi sokuqalisa (isikhathi ngemva kokuxhumeka ngokomzimba esibizwa ngokuthi i-enumeration) ngakho-ke ahlala njalo, kuyilapho amapayipi engavulwa futhi avalwe.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zepayipi: i-stream ne-message.

Uma i-host iqala ukudlulisa idatha, ithumela iphakethe le-TOKEN eliqukethe i-endpoint ecaciswe nge-i-tupleof (device_address, endpoint_number). Uma ukudluliswa kusuka kumphathi kuya endaweni yokugcina, umphathi uthumela iphakethe le-OUT (ukukhethekile kwephakethe le-TOKEN) eline-address yedivayisi nenombolo yendawo yokugcina efiselekayo. Uma ukudluliswa kwedatha kusuka kudivayisi kuya kumphathi, umphathi uthumela iphakethe le-IN esikhundleni salokho. Uma indawo yokugcina eyisiqondisi iyi-uni-directional endpoint lapho isiqondiso esimiselwe umkhiqizi singafani nephakethe le-TOKEN (isibonelo, isiqondiso esimiselwe umkhiqizi siyi-IN kanti iphakethe le-TOKEN liyi-OUT), iphakethe le-TOKEN liyashaywa indiva. Ngaphandle kwalokho, liyemukelwa futhi ukuhwebelana kwedatha kungaqala. I-bi-directional endpoint, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yamukela womabili amaphakethe e-IN ne-OUT.

Izixhumi ezimbili ze-USB 3.0 Standard-A (kwesokunxele) kanye nezixhumi ezimbili ze-USB 2.0 Standard-A (kwesokudla) epaneli langaphambili lekhompyutha

Ama-endpoints ahlukaniswe ngama-interfaces futhi i-interface ngayinye ihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi owodwa wedivayisi. Okuhlukile kulokhu yi-endpoint zero, esetshenziselwa ukumisa idivayisi futhi ayihlotshaniswa nanoma iyiphi i-interface. Umsebenzi owodwa wedivayisi owenziwe ngama-interfaces alawulwa ngokuzimela ubizwa ngokuthi i-composite device. I-composite device inekheli ledivayisi elilodwa kuphela ngoba i-host inikeza ikheli ledivayisi emsebenzini owodwa.

Uma idivayisi ye-USB ixhunywa okokuqala kumphathi we-USB, inqubo yokubala idivayisi ye-USB iyaqalwa. Ukubala kuqala ngokuthumela isignali yokusetha kabusha kudivayisi ye-USB. Izinga lokusayina ledivayisi ye-USB linqunywa ngesikhathi sokusayina kabusha. Ngemva kokusetha kabusha, ulwazi lwedivayisi ye-USB lufundwa umphathi futhi idivayisi inikezwa ikheli eliyi-7-bit eliyingqayizivele. Uma idivayisi isekelwa umphathi, iziqhubi zedivayisi ezidingekayo ukuze kuxhunyanwe nedivayisi ziyalayishwa futhi idivayisi isethwe esimweni esimisiwe. Uma umphathi we-USB eqalwa kabusha, inqubo yokubala iyaphindwa kuzo zonke izidivayisi ezixhunyiwe.iziqhubi zedivayisi ezidingekayo ukuze kuxhunyanwe nedivayisi ziyalayishwa futhi idivayisi isethwe esimweni esimisiwe. Uma umphathi we-USB eqalwa kabusha, inqubo yokubala iyaphindwa kuzo zonke izidivayisi ezixhunyiwe.

Umphathi wokulawula uqondisa ukugeleza kwethrafikhi ezidivayisini, ngakho-ke ayikho idivayisi ye-USB engadlulisa noma iyiphi idatha ebhasini ngaphandle kwesicelo esicacile somphathi wokulawula. Ku-USB 2.0, umphathi wokulawulaukuvota ibhasi yethrafikhi, ngokuvamile ku-i-round-robin imfashini. Umthamo wephothi ngayinye ye-USB unqunywa ijubane elihamba kancane kukho kokubili iphothi ye-USB noma idivayisi ye-USB exhunywe ephothini.

Ama-hub e-High-speed USB 2.0 aqukethe izinto ezibizwa ngama-transaction translator aguqula phakathi kwemigwaqo ye-high-speed USB 2.0 kanye nemigwaqo egcwele nephansi. Kungaba khona umhumushi owodwa nge-hub noma nge-port.

Ngenxa yokuthi kunezilawuli ezimbili ezihlukene ku-host ngayinye ye-USB 3.0, amadivayisi e-USB 3.0 athumela futhi athole ngezilinganiso zesignali ze-USB 3.0 kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amadivayisi e-USB 2.0 noma angaphambilini axhunywe kuleyo host. Izilinganiso zesignali ezisebenzayo zamadivayisi angaphambilini zisethwe ngendlela evamile.

[编辑源代码]

Umsebenzi wedivayisi ye-USB uchazwa yikhodi yekilasi ethunyelwa kumamukeli we-USB. Lokhu kuvumela umamukeli ukuthi alayishe amamojula esofthiwe edivayisi futhi asekele amadivayisi amasha avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene.

Amakilasi edivayisi afaka:[70]

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Bheka futhi: Ikilasi ledivayisi yokugcina enkulu ye-USB, Ibhokisi lediski, kanye I-hard drive yangaphandle

I- flash drive, idivayisi evamile yokugcina enkulu ye-USB

I- M.2 (2242) i-solid-state-drive (SSD) ixhunywe ku-adaptha ye-USB 3.0 exhunywe kukhompyutha

I-isigaba sedivayisi yesitoreji se-USB (MSC noma UMS) yenza ukuxhumana kumadivayisi okugcina kube semthethweni. Ekuqaleni yayihloselwe amadrayivu kazibuthe nawokukhanya, yanwetshwa ukusekela ama-flash drive kanye nekhadi le-SD izifundi. Ikhono lokuqalisa ikhompyutha nge-ikhadi le-SD ukusebenzisa i-adaptha ye-USB kunenzuzo ekugcineni ubuqotho nokungonakali, isimo esihlanzekile sendawo yokuqalisa.

Nakuba amakhompyutha amaningi omuntu siqu kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2005 engaqala ukusebenza kusuka kumadivayisi okugcina e-USB, i-USB ayihloselwe ukuba umgwaqo oyinhloko wokugcina kwangaphakathi kwekhompyutha. Nokho, i-USB inenzuzo yokuvumela ukushintsha okushisayo, okwenza kube wusizo kumadivayisi angaphandle, kuhlanganise namadrayivu ezinhlobonhlobo.

Abakhiqizi abaningana banikeza i-USB ephathwayo yangaphandle amadrayivu e-hard drive, noma izimbobo ezingenalutho zamadrayivu. Lezi zinikeza ukusebenza okuqhathaniswa namadrayivu angaphakathi, kukhawulelwe inani nezinhlobo zamadivayisi e-USB axhunywe, kanye nomkhawulo ongaphezulu wesixhumi se-USB. Eminye amazinga ancintisanayo wokuxhuma amadrayivu angaphandle ahlanganisa eSATA, I-ExpressCard, I-FireWire (IEEE 1394), futhi muva nje I-Thunderbolt.

Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi okugcina i-USB ukusebenza okuphathwayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe (njengeziphequluli zewebhu kanye namakhasimende e-VoIP) ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuwafaka kukhompyutha ephethe.[74][75]

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Bheka futhi: I-Picture Transfer Protocol

I-Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) yaklanywa yi-Microsoft ukunikeza ukufinyelela okuphezulu kuhlelo lwefayela ledivayisi kunokugcina kwe-USB, ezingeni lamafayela hhayi amabhlogo ediski. Futhi inezici ezingeziwe ze-DRM . I-MTP yaklanyelwa ukusetshenziswa nama-media portable, kodwa selokhu yamukelwa njengomthetho oyinhloko wokufinyelela kokugcina we-i-Android operating systemkusukela enguqulweni 4.1 Jelly Bean kanye ne-Windows Phone 8 (amadivayisi e-Windows Phone 7 ayesebenzisa iphrothokholi ye-Zune—ukuthuthukiswa kwe-MTP). Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuthi i-MTP ayidingi ukufinyelela okukhethekile kudivayisi yokugcina njengoba i-UMS yenza, inciphisa izinkinga ezingaba khona uma uhlelo lwe-Android lucela isitoreji ngenkathi luxhunywe kukhompyutha. Ububi obukhulu ukuthi i-MTP ayisekelwa kahle ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Windows.

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Indatshana eyinhloko: Isigaba sedivayisi yokusebenzelana nabantu ye-USB

Igundane le-USB noma ikhibhodi ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa namakhompyutha amadala ane-izimbobo ze-PS/2 ngosizo lwe-adaptha encane ye-USB kuya ku-PS/2. Emagundane nakhibhodi anokwesekwa kwephrothokholi embaxambili, i-adaptha engenayo i-umjikelezo we-logic ingase isetshenziswe: i- i-hardware ye-USBkukhibhodi noma igundane liklanyelwe ukuthola ukuthi lixhunywe ku-USB noma ku-PS/2 port, futhi luxhumane kusetshenziswa iphrothokholi efanele.[citation needed] Ama-converters asebenzayo axhuma amakhibhodi namagundane e-USB (ngokuvamile eyodwa yalokho) kuma-PS/2 ports nawo akhona.[76]

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Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Firmware yedivayisi (DFU) iyindlela ejwayelekile yokuthuthukisa i-firmware yamadivayisi e-USOB anezinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe ezinikezwa abakhiqizi bawo, enikeza (ngokwesibonelo) indlela yokuhambisa ukulungiswa kwezinkinga ze-firmware. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokuthuthukisa i-firmware, amadivayisi e-USOB aguqule indlela yawo yokusebenza abe yinto I-PROMumhleli. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwedivayisi ye-USB lungakwazi ukusebenzisa le khono ngokulandela imigomo esemthethweni ye-DFU. Ukwenza lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-host ahambisana ne-DFU ukuze kuthuthukiswe idivayisi.[73][77][78]

I-DFU ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa njengephrothokholi yokuhlela inkumbulo ye-flash kuma-microcontroller ane-USB bootloader eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. [79]

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I-USB Device Working Group ibeke imigomo yokusakaza umsindo, futhi amazinga athile asunguliwe futhi asetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezigaba zomsindo, njengama-microphone, izipikha, ama-headset, izingcingo, izinsimbi zomculo, njll. Iqembu elisebenzayo lishicilele izinguqulo ezintathu zemininingwane yemishini yomsindo:[80][81] I-USB Audio 1.0, 2.0, ne-3.0, ebizwa ngokuthi "UAC"[82] noma "ADC".[83]

I-UAC 3.0 yethula ikakhulukazi intuthuko yemishini ephathwayo, njengokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokugquma idatha nokuhlala esimweni samandla aphansi kaningi, kanye nezindawo zamandla ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomshini, okuvumela ukuthi zivalwe uma zingasetshenziswa.[84]

I-UAC 2.0 yethula ukusekelwa kwe-High Speed USB (ngaphezu kwe-Full Speed), okuvumela i-bandwidth enkulu yezindlela ezinamashaneli amaningi, amazinga aphezulu esampula,[85] ukubambezeleka okuphansi okungokwemvelo,[86][82] kanye nokuthuthukiswa okungu-8× ekulungiseni isikhathi ezindleleni ezihambisanayo neziguquguqukayo.[82] I-UAC2 iphinde yethula umqondo wezindawo zewashi, onikeza umphathi ulwazi mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izindawo zokufaka nezokukhipha ezithola amawashi azo emthonjeni ofanayo, kanye nokusekelwa okuthuthukisiwe kwamakhodi omsindo afana ne-DSD, imithelela yomsindo, ukuhlanganiswa kwesiteshi, izilawuli zomsebenzisi, nezincazelo zedivayisi.[82][87]

Amadivayisi e-UAC 1.0 asavamile, nokho, ngenxa yokuhambisana kwawo okungenayo idrayiva emikhiqizweni ehlukene,[85] futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa ye-I-Microsoftukwehluleka kwayo ukusebenzisa i-UAC 2.0 iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwayo, ekugcineni ingeze ukusekela ku-I-Windows 10 ngokusebenzisa i-Creators Update ngomhla ka-20 Mashi 2017.[88][89][87] I-UAC 2.0 isekelwa futhi yi-i-macOS, iOS, kanye ne-Linux,[82] nokho I-Android isebenzisa ingxenye kuphela ye-UAC 1.0 specification.[90]

I-USB inikeza izinhlobo ezintathu ze-isochronous (i-bandwidth engaguquki) zokuvumelanisa,[91] zonke ezisetshenziswa amadivayisi omsindo:[92]

Nakuba i-USB spec ekuqaleni yachaza imodi ye-asynchronous isetshenziswa "ezikhulumini ezingabizi kakhulu" kanye nemodi ye-adaptive "ezikhulumini zedijithali ezisezingeni eliphezulu",[96] umbono ophambili ukhona ku-i-hi-fi umhlaba, lapho imodi ye-asynchronous imenyezelwa njengesici, futhi izimodi eziguquguqukayo nezivumelanayo zinedumela elibi.[97][98][90] Empeleni, zonke izinhlobo zingaba zisezingeni eliphezulu noma eliphansi, kuye ngekhwalithi yobunjiniyela bazo kanye nohlelo lokusebenza.[94][82][99] I-Asynchronous inenzuzo yokungaxhunywanga ewashini lekhompyutha, kodwa ububi bokudinga ukuguqulwa kwesilinganiso sesampula lapho kuhlanganiswa imithombo eminingi.

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Inhloko yesihloko: I-USB hardware § Izixhumi

Izixhumi i-USB committee ezichazayo zisekela izinhloso eziningi eziyisisekelo ze-USB, futhi zibonisa izifundo ezifundwe ezixhumanisini eziningi umkhakha wamakhompyutha owasebenzisile. Isixhumi sesifazane esifakwe kumphathi noma kudivayisi sibizwa ngokuthi i-receptacle, futhi isixhumi sesilisa esixhunywe entanjeni sibizwa ngokuthi i-plug.[40]: 2-5–2-6  Imibhalo esemthethweni ye-USB specification ngezikhathi ezithile ichaza igama elithi male ukumela i-plug, kanye nelithi female ukumela i-receptacle.[100]

I-USB Standard-A plug, eyake yaba uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-isixhumi se-USB, manje esingesinye sezinhlobo eziningi zamafa zezixhumi ze-USB

Umklamo uhloselwe ukwenza kube nzima ukufaka i-USB plug esikhwameni sayo ngendlela engafanele. I-USB specification idinga ukuthi i-cable plug kanye ne-receptacle kumakwe ukuze umsebenzisi akwazi ukubona ukuma okufanele.[40] I-USB-C plug nokho iyaguquguquka. Izintambo ze-USB kanye namadivayisi amancane e-USB abanjwa amandla okubamba avela esikhwameni, ngaphandle kwezikulufu, iziqeshana, noma izithupha ezijikayo njengoba ezinye izixhumi zisebenzisa.

I-USB Mini-B (kwesokudla) kanye ne-USB Micro-B (kwesobunxele) eyalandela. Lezi beziyizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-USB connector ezintweni ezincane neziphathwayo kuze kudalwe i-USB Type-C.

Izipulaki ezihlukene zika-A no-B zivimbela ukuxhuma amandla amabili ngephutha. Kodwa-ke, enye yale ndlela eqondisiwe iyalahleka ngokuvela kwezixhumi ze-USB ezinenjongo eziningi (ezifana ne-USB On-The-Go kuma-smartphone, nama-routers e-Wi-Fi anikwa amandla nge-USB), adinga izintambo ze-A-to-A, B-to-B, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezi-Y/ezi-splitter.

Izinhlobo zokuxhuma ze-USB zanda njengoba imithetho iqhubeka. Umthetho wokuqala we-USB wachaza izinhlobo ze-standard-A ne-standard-B zama-plug nama-receptacle. Izixhumi zazihlukile ukuze abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukuxhuma i-receptacle yekhompyutha kwenye. Izipikhi zedatha kuma-plug ajwayelekile zihlehlisiwe uma ziqhathaniswa nezipikhi zamandla, ukuze idivayisi ikwazi ukuvula amandla ngaphambi kokusungula ukuxhumana kwedatha. Ezinye izinto zisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukile kuye ngokuthi ukuxhumana kwedatha kwenziwe yini. Izitendi zokushaja zinikeza amandla, futhi azifaki idivayisi yokusingatha noma izipikhi zedatha, okuvumela noma iyiphi idivayisi ye-USB ekwazi ukushaja noma ukusebenza ngentambo ye-USB ejwayelekile. Izintambo zokushaja zinikeza ukuxhumana kwamandla kodwa hhayi idatha. Entambweni yokushaja kuphela, izintambo zedatha zifushaniswa ekugcineni kwedivayisi; uma kungenjalo, idivayisi ingase yenqabe ishaja njengengafanele.

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Indatshana eyinhloko:I-USB hardware § Ukufakwa kwezintambo

Izinhlobonhlobo zezintambo ze-USB ezithengiswayo e-IHong Kong

Izinga le-USB 1.1 licacisa ukuthi ikhebula elijwayelekile lingaba nobude obukhulu obungamamitha ama-5 (16 ft 5 in) namadivayisi asebenza ngejubane eligcwele (12 Mbit/s), kanye nobude obukhulu obungamamitha ama-3 (9 ft 10 in) namadivayisi asebenza ngejubane eliphansi (1.5 Mbit/s).[101][102][103]

I-USB 2.0 ihlinzeka ngobude obukhulu bekhebula obungamamitha ama-5 (16 ft 5 in) kumadivayisi asebenza ngejubane eliphezulu (480 Mbit/s).[103]

Izinga le-USB 3.0 alicacisi ngqo ubude obukhulu bekhebula, lidinga nje ukuthi zonke izintambo zihlangabezane nemibandela kagesi: ngezintambo zethusi ezinama-AWGIzintambo ezingama-26 ubude obukhulu obusebenzayo bungamamitha ama-3 (9 ft 10 in).[104]

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Amakhebula e-USB bridge, noma amakhebula okudlulisa idatha angatholakala emakethe, anikeza ukuxhumana okuqondile kwe-PC kuya kwe-PC. Ikhebula le-bridge liyikhebula elikhethekile eline-chip ne-electronics esebenzayo maphakathi nekhebula. I-chip emaphakathi nekhebula isebenza njenge-peripheral kumakhompyutha womabili futhi ivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-computer ngokuqondile. Amakhebula e-USB bridge asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amafayela phakathi kwamakhompyutha amabili ngezimbobo zawo ze-USB.

Yathandwa yi-Microsoft njenge-Windows Easy Transfer, insiza ye-Microsoft yasebenzisa ikhebula elikhethekile le-USB bridge ukudlulisa amafayela omuntu siqu nezilungiselelo ezivela kukhompyutha esebenzisa inguqulo yakudala ye-Windows iye kukhompyutha esebenzisa inguqulo entsha. Ngokomongo wokusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe ye-Windows Easy Transfer, ikhebula le-bridge ngezinye izikhathi lingabizwa ngokuthi i-Easy Transfer cable.

Izintambo eziningi zebhuloho / zokudlulisa idatha ze-USB ziseyi-USB 2.0, kodwa futhi kunezintambo eziningi zokudlulisa i-USB 3.0. Naphezu kwe-USB 3.0 ishesha izikhathi eziyi-10 kune-USB 2.0, izintambo zokudlulisa i-USB 3.0 zishesha izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3 kuphela ngenxa yomklamo wazo.[kudingeka ukucaciswa]

I-USB 3.0 specification yethula intambo ye-A-to-A cross-over engenamandla yokuxhuma ama-PC amabili. Lezi azihloselwe ukudlulisa idatha kodwa zihloselwe ukusetshenziswa kokuxilonga.

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Izingcingo ze-USB bridge sezinciphile ukubaluleka ngenxa yamandla e-USB dual-role-device afakwe kumthetho we-USB 3.1. Ngaphansi kwemithetho yakamuva, i-USB isekela izimo eziningi zokuxhuma amasistimu ngqo ngentambo ye-Type-C. Ukuze amandla asebenze, nokho, amasistimu axhunyiwe kufanele asekele ukushintsha kwezindima. Amandla e-dual-role adinga ukuthi kube nezilawuli ezimbili ngaphakathi kwesistimu, kanye nomlawuli wezindima. Nakuba lokhu kungalindeleka endaweni ye-mobile efana ne-tablet noma ifoni, ama-desktop PC nama-laptop ngokuvamile awasekeli izindima ezimbili.[105]

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Inhloko yesihloko:USB hardware § Amandla

Izixhumi ze-USB ezingenhla zihlinzeka ngamandla nge-5 V DC nge-V_BUS pin kumadivayisi e-USB angezansi.

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Lesi sigaba sichaza imodeli yokusabalalisa amandla ye-USB eyayikhona ngaphambi kwe-Ukulethwa kwamandla (USB-PD). Emishinini engasebenzisi i-PD, i-USB inikeza amandla afinyelela ku-4.5 W ngezixhumi zohlobo-A nohlobo-B, futhi afinyelela ku-15 W nge-USB-C. Wonke amandla e-USB angaphambi kwe-PD anikezwa ngo-5 V.

Kumhlinzeki onikeza amandla emishinini, i-USB inomqondo womthwalo oyiyunithi. Noma yimuphi umshini ungadonsa amandla eyunithi eyodwa, futhi imishini ingacela amandla amaningi ngezinyathelo ezihlukene. Akudingekile ukuthi umhlinzeki anikeze amandla aceliwe, futhi umshini akumele udonse amandla angaphezu kwalokho okuvunyelwene ngakho.

Amadivayisi adonsa ingxenye eyodwa nje kuphela athathwa njengamadivayisi anikwe amandla aphansi. Wonke amadivayisi kumele asebenze njengamadivayisi anikwe amandla aphansi lapho eqala ukungakalungiselelwa. Kumadivayisi e-USB afinyelela ku-USB 2.0 umthwalo oyinyunithi ngu-100 mA (noma 500 mW), kuyilapho i-USB 3.0 ichaza umthwalo oyinyunithi njengo-150 mA (750 mW). I-USB-C enezici ezigcwele ingasekela amadivayisi anikwe amandla aphansi anomthwalo oyinyunithi ongu-250 mA (noma 1250 mW).

Amadivayisi adonsa ngaphezu kweyunithi eyodwa angamadivayisi anamandla amakhulu (njengama-hard disk drive angu-2.5-intshi ajwayelekile). I-USB efika ku-2.0 ivumela umsingathi noma i-hub ukuthi inikeze amandla afinyelela ku-2.5 W kudivayisi ngayinye, ngezinyathelo ezinhlanu ezihlukene zika-100 mA, futhi amadivayisi e-SuperSpeed (USB 3.x) avumela umsingathi noma i-hub ukuthi anikeze amandla afinyelela ku-4.5 W ngezinyathelo eziyisithupha zika-150 mA. I-USB-C ivumela ukusebenza kwemizila emibili ye-USB 3.x ngomthwalo omkhulu weyunithi (250 mA; kufinyelele ku-7.5 W).[106] I-USB-C iphinde ivumele i-Type-C Current njengokungena esikhundleni se-USB BC, okukhombisa ukutholakala kwamandla ngendlela elula, ngaphandle kwesidingo sanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kwedatha.[107]

Ukuqaphela imodi yokushaja ibhethri, imbobo yokushaja enikelwe umsebenzi ibeka ukumelana okungadluli ku-200 Ω emaphethelweni e-D+ ne-D−. Imigqa yedatha emfushane noma esondele ekufinyezweni enokumelana okungaphansi kuka-200 Ω emaphethelweni e-D+ ne-D− ikhombisa imbobo yokushaja enikelwe umsebenzi (DCP) enezinga lokushaja elingapheli.[108][109]

Ngaphandle kwe-USB evamile, kukhona uhlelo olunamandla aphezulu olungumnikazi olwaziwa ngokuthi PoweredUSB, eyakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kumatheminali okuthengisa njengamarejista emali.

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Inhloko-daba: Izingxoxo ze-USOB § Ukuthumela amasignali (I-USOB PHY)

Amasignali e-USOB athunyelwa kusetshenziswa i-differential signaling ku i-twisted-pair izintambo zedatha ezinama-90 Ω ± 15% i-characteristic impedance.[110] I-USB 2.0 nezincazelo zangaphambili zichaza umbhangqwana owodwa ku-half-duplex (HDx). I-USB 3.0 kanye nezimiso ezilandelayo zichaza ipheya eyodwa enikelwe ukuhambisana ne-USB 2.0 kanye namapheya amabili noma amane okudlulisa idatha: amapheya amabili ocingo adlulisa i-full-duplex (FDx) ezinhlobonhlobo zomzila owodwa (×1) adinga okungenani izixhumi ze-SuperSpeed (SS); amapheya amane adlulisa i-full-duplex ezinhlobonhlobo zomzila emibili (×2) adinga izixhumi ze-USB-C.

I-USB4 Gen 4 idinga ukusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izimbili ezine kodwa ivumela ukuhlelwa kwezimbili ezingalingani.[111] Kulokhu, umbhangqwana owodwa wentambo yedatha usetshenziselwa idatha eya phezulu kanti eminye emithathu isetshenziselwa idatha eya phansi noma okuphambene. I-USB4 Gen 4 isebenzisa i- i-pulse amplitude modulation emazingeni amathathu, inikeza i- i-trit yolwazi njalo i-baud idluliselwa, imvamisa yokudlulisela engu-12.8 GHz ihumushela izinga lokudlulisela elingu-25.6 GBd[112] futhi ukuhumusha okusuka kuma-11-bit kuya kuma-7-trit kunikeza isivinini esiphezulu sokudlulisela esingaphezu nje kuka-40.2 Gbit/s.[113]

Ukuxhumeka kwe-USB kuhlala kuphakathi kwe-A ekugcineni, okungaba i-host noma i-downstream port ye-hub, kanye ne-B ekugcineni, okungaba i-peripheral device noma i-upstream port ye-hub. Ngokomlando lokhu kwacaca ngenxa yokuthi ama-host ayenama-Type-A kuphela kanti ama-peripheral device ayenama-Type-B kuphela, futhi yonke intambo ehambisanayo yayine-Type-A plug eyodwa ne-Type-B plug eyodwa. I-USB-C (Type-C) iyisixhumi esisodwa esithatha indawo yawo wonke ama-Type-A nama-Type-B connectors endala, ngakho-ke lapho izinhlangothi zombili zihlonyiswe ngama-USB Type-C ports, ziyaxoxisana ukuthi iyiphi i-host nokuthi iyiphi i-device.

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Indatshana eyinhloko: I-USB (Ukuxhumana) § Isendlalelo sephrothokholi

Ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kwe-USB, idatha idluliswa njenge amaphakethe. Ekuqaleni, wonke amaphakethe athunyelwa isingathi esiyinhloko nge-root hub, futhi mhlawumbe namanye ama-hub, aye ezintweni. Amanye alawa maphakethe ayalela idivayisi ukuthi ithumele amanye amaphakethe njengempendulo.

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Inhloko eyinhloko: USB (Ukuxhumana) § Ukuthengiselana

Imisebenzi eyisisekelo ye-USB yile:

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Ilogo ye-Wireless USB

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I-USB Implementers Forum yethula indinganiso yokuxhumana engenazintambo i-Media Agnostic USB (MA-USB) v.1.0 esekelwe kumthetho we-USB ngomhla ka-29 Julayi 2015.I-USB engenazintamboiwubuchwepheshe obungena esikhundleni sezintambo, futhi isebenzisa i-i-ultra-wideband ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo ngamanani okudlulisa idatha afinyelela ku-480 Mbit/s.[114]

I-USB-IF yasebenzisa i-WiGig Serial Extension v1.2 specification njengesisekelo sayo sokuqala se-MA-USB specification futhi ihambisana ne-SuperSpeed USB (3.0 kanye ne-3.1) kanye ne-Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0). Amadivayisi asebenzisa i-MA-USB azobizwa ngokuthi "Powered by MA-USB", uma nje umkhiqizo ufaneleka uhlelo lwayo lokuqinisekisa.[115]

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Inhloko eyinhloko: I-InterChip USB

I-InterChip USB iwuhlobo lwe-chip-to-chip olususa ama-transceiver avamile atholakala ku-USB evamile. I-HSICisendlalelo esibonakalayo isebenzisa amandla angaphansi cishe ngo-50% kanye no-75% wamanzi angaphansi ibhodi indawo eqhathaniswa ne-USB 2.0.[116] Iyingqayizivele esezingeni elihlukile ku-SPI kanye I2C.

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Inhloko-daba: USB-C

I-USB-C (ngokusemthethweni i-USB Type-C) iyindinganiso echaza isixhumi esisha, kanye nezici ezimbalwa ezintsha zokuxhuma. Phakathi kwazo, isekela i-Alternate Mode, evumela ukuthuthwa kwezinye izimiso zokuxhumana ngesixhumi se-USB-C nentambo. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukusekela i-DisplayPort noma HDMI izimiso zokuxhumana, ezivumela ukuxhuma isibonisi, njenge imonitha yekhompyutha noma isethi kamabonakude, nge-USB-C.

Zonke ezinye izixhumi azikwazi ukusebenza ngemizila emibili (Gen 1×2 kanye ne-Gen 2×2) ku-USB 3.2, kodwa zingasetshenziselwa ukusebenza komzila owodwa (Gen 1×1 kanye ne-Gen 2×1).[117]

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Inhloko eyinhloko: DisplayLink

I-DisplayLink ubuchwepheshe obuvumela izibonisi eziningi ukuthi zixhunywe kukhompyutha nge-USB. Yethulwa cishe ngo-2006, futhi ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Alternate Mode nge-USB-C kwakuwukuphela kwendlela yokuxhuma izibonisi nge-USB. Ubuchwepheshe obungumnikazi, obungagunyaziwe yi-USB Implementers Forum futhi ngokuvamile budinga umshayeli wedivayisi kukhompyutha.

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Ekuqaleni, i-USOB yayithathwa njengomphelelisi we-FireWire (IEEE 1394) ubuchwepheshe, obuklanyelwe ukuba ibhasi yomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu ehlanganisa kahle izinto ezingaphandle ezifana namadrayivu ediski, izixhobo zomsindo, kanye nemishini yevidiyo. Ekuklanyweni kokuqala, i-USOB yayisebenza ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu ledatha futhi isebenzisa ihadiwe engathuthukile kangako. Yayifanele izinto ezingaphandle ezincane ezifana namakhibhodi nezinto zokukhomba.

Umehluko omkhulu wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwe-FireWire ne-USB uhlanganisa:

Le mehluko kanye nalokhu kukhombisa izinjongo ezihlukene zokuklanywa kwalezi zibhamu ezimbili: I-USB yaklanyelwa ukulula kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kuyilapho i-FireWire yaklanyelwa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezidinga isikhathi esiqondile njengomsindo nevidiyo. Nakuba ifana ngezinga eliphezulu lokuthumela amasignali ngokwethiyori, i-FireWire 400 iyashesha kune-USB 2.0 enomkhawulo ophezulu ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela,[118] ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni komkhawulo ophezulu njengama-hard drive angaphandle.[119][120][121][122] Izinga elisha le-FireWire 800 liphindwe kabili ngejubane kune-FireWire 400 futhi liyashesha kune-USB 2.0 enomkhawulo ophezulu kokubili ngokwethiyori nangokwenzeka.[123] Nokho, izinzuzo zejubane le-FireWire zincike emasu asezingeni eliphansi afanaukufinyelela okuqondile kwememori (DMA), okudale amathuba okuhlasela kokuphepha njenge- Ukuhlasela kwe-DMA.

I-chipset kanye nezishayeli ezisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa i-USB ne-FireWire kunomthelela omkhulu ekutheni ingakanani i-bandwidth echazwe yi-specification etholakala emhlabeni wangempela, kanye nokuhambisana ne-peripherals.[124]

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I-IEEE 802.3af, 802.3at, kanye ne-802.3bt Amandla nge-Ethernet (PoE) izindinganiso zichaza izinhlelo ezinemininingwane yokuxoxisana ngamandla kune-USB enikwa amandla. Zisebenza ngo-48 V DC futhi angahlinzeka ngamandla amaningi (kuze kufike ku-12.95 W nge-802.3af, 25.5 W nge-802.3at, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-PoE+, 71 W nge-802.3bt, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-4PPoE) ngentambo efika kumamitha ayi-100 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-USB 2.0, ehlinzeka ngo-2.5 W ngobude bentambo obungamitha ama-5. Lokhu kwenze i-PoE yathandwa kakhuluIzwi nge-IPizingcingo,amakhamera okuphepha, izindawo zokufinyelela ezingenantambo, namanye amadivayisi anenethiwekhi ezakhiweni. Kodwa-ke, i-USB ishibhile kune-PoE uma ibanga lifushane futhi isidingo samandla siphansi.

I-Ethernetizingafo zidinga ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi phakathi kwedivayisi enoxhumano lwenethiwekhi (ikhompyutha, ucingo, njll.) kanye nentambo yenethiwekhi kuze kufike ku-1500 V AC noma 2250 V DC imizuzwana engu-60.[125] I-USB ayinaso isidingo esinjalo ngoba yakhelwe izinto ezingezansi ezihambisana kakhulu nekhompyutha eyisingeniso, futhi empeleni ixhuma izinto ezingezansi kanye nomhlaba womphathi. Lokhu kunikeza i-Ethernet inzuzo enkulu yokuphepha ngaphezu kwe-USB ngezinto ezingezansi ezifana namamodemu ekhebula ne-DSL axhunywe ezintambweni zangaphandle ezingathatha amandla kagesi ayingozi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zamaphutha.[126][127]

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Incazelo Yekilasi Ledivayisi Ye-USB Yamadivayisi E-MIDI idlulisela i-Music Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) idatha yomculo nge-USB.[128] Ikhono le-MIDI linwetshwa ukuze livumele izintambo eziyishumi nesithupha ze-MIDI ezingokoqobo ezengeziwe, ngayinye ingathwala imigqa eyishumi nesithupha ejwayelekile ye-MIDI namawashi.

I-USB iyancintisana kumadivayisi ashibhile futhi asondelene ngokomzimba. Kodwa-ke, i-Power over Ethernet kanye ne-MIDI iplagi ejwayelekile inenzuzo emadivayisini asezingeni eliphezulu angase abe nezintambo ezinde. I-USB ingabangela i-ground loop izinkinga phakathi kwemishini, ngoba ixhuma izinkomba zomhlabathi kuzo zombili izinto zokuhambisa. Ngokuphambene, iplagi ejwayelekile ye-MIDI kanye ne-Ethernet zinokuhlukaniswa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kuze kufike ku-500V noma ngaphezulu.

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I-eSATA isixhumi esiqinile kakhulu i-SATA isixhumi, esihloselwe ukuxhuma kuma-hard drive angaphandle nama-SSD. Izinga lokudlulisa le-eSATA (kuze kufike ku-6 Gbit/s) liyafana ne-USB 3.0 (kuze kufike ku-5 Gbit/s) ne-USB 3.1 (kuze kufike ku-10 Gbit/s). Idivayisi exhunywe nge-eSATA ibonakala njengedivayisi evamile ye-SATA, inikeza ukusebenza okugcwele nokuhambisana okugcwele okuhambisana nama-drive angaphakathi.

I-eSATA ayinikezi amandla kumadivayisi angaphandle. Lokhu kuyinkinga ekhulayo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-USB. Nakuba u-USB 3.0 ongu-4.5 W ngezinye izikhathi engenele ukunika amandla ama-hard drive angaphandle, ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka, futhi ama-drive angaphandle kancane kancane adinga amandla amancane, okunciphisa inzuzo ye-eSATA.eSATAp (amandla nge-eSATA, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-ESATA/USB) iyisixhumi esethulwa ngo-2009 esinikeza amandla emishinini exhunyiwe sisebenzisa isixhumi esisha, esihambisana nezinto ezindala. Kunotibhuku i-eSATAp ngokuvamile inikeza u-5 V kuphela ukuze inikeze amandla i-HDD/SSD engu-2.5-intshi; kumshini wedeskithophu ingengeza u-12 V ukuze inikeze amandla emishinini emikhulu ehlanganisa i-HDD/SSD engu-3.5-intshi kanye namadrayivu ezinkanyezi angu-5.25-intshi.

Ukusekelwa kwe-eSATAp kungangezwa kumshini wedeskithophu ngendlela yebhrakethi elixhuma i-SATA yebhodi lomama, amandla, nezinsiza ze-USB.

I-eSATA, njenge-USB, isekelaukuxhuma ngenkathi kusebenza, nakuba lokhu kungase kukhawulwe iziqhubi ze-OS ne-firmware yedivayisi.

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Indatshana eyinhloko: I-Thunderbolt (isixhumi esibonakalayo)

I-Thunderbolt ihlanganisa PCI Express kanye DisplayPort iya kusixhumanisi esisha sedatha esiyi-serial. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Thunderbolt kwasekuqaleni kunemigudu emibili, ngamunye enesivinini sokudlulisa esingu-10 Gbit/s, okuholela emkhakheni ohlangene we-bandwidth ongakwesinye isiqhingi ongu-20 Gbit/s.[129]

I-Thunderbolt 2 isebenzisa i-link aggregation ukuze ihlanganise iziteshi ezimbili ezingama-10 Gbit/s zibe isiteshi esisodwa esingu-20 Gbit/s esihamba nhlangothi zombili.[130]

I-Thunderbolt 3 kanye I-Thunderbolt 4 sebenzisa i-USB-C.[131][132][133] I-Thunderbolt 3 inemigudu emibili ebonakalayo engu-20 Gbit/s enezinhlangothi ezimbili, ehlanganiswe ukuze ibonakale njengomgudu owodwa onengqondo ongu-40 Gbit/s onezinhlangothi ezimbili. Izilawuli ze-Thunderbolt 3 zingafaka isilawuli se-USB 3.1 Gen 2 ukuze zinikeze ukuhambisana namadivayisi e-USB. Ziyakwazi futhi ukuhlinzeka nge-DisplayPort Alternate Mode kanye ne-DisplayPort nge-USB4 Fabric, okwenza umsebenzi wechweba le-Thunderbolt 3 ube isethi enkulu yalelo lechweba le-USB 3.1 Gen 2.

I-DisplayPort Alternate Mode 2.0: I-USB4 (edinga i-USB-C) idinga ukuthi ama-hub asekele i-DisplayPort 2.0 nge-USB-C Alternate Mode. I-DisplayPort 2.0 ingasekela ukulungiswa kwe-8K ngo-60 Hz ngombala we-HDR10.[134] I-DisplayPort 2.0 ingasebenzisa kuze kufike ku-80 Gbit/s, okuphindwe kabili inani elitholakala emininingwaneni ye-USB, ngoba ithumela yonke imininingwane ohlangothini olulodwa (kumonitha) futhi ngaleyo ndlela ingasebenzisa zonke izintambo eziyisishiyagalombili zemininingwane ngesikhathi esisodwa.[134]

Ngemva kokuthi imininingwane yenziwe yamahhala futhi ukulawulwa kwe-Thunderbolt protocol kwadluliselwa kusuka ku-Intel kuya ku-USB Implementers Forum, i-Thunderbolt 3 isetshenziswe ngempumelelo emthethweni we-USB4 – ngokuhambisana ne-Thunderbolt 3 kungokuzithandela kodwa kuyakhuthazwa emikhiqizweni ye-USB4.[135]

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Indatshana eyinhloko: I-adaptha ye-USB-to-serial

Okuhlukahlukene iziguquli zomthetho ziyatholakala eziguqula amasiginali wedatha e-USB aye kwamanye amazinga okuxhumana.

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Ngenxa yokusabalala kwezinga le-USB, kunezindlela eziningi zokuxhaphaza ezisebenzisa izinga le-USB. Esinye sezimo ezinkulu zalokhu namuhla saziwa ngokuthi i-USB killer, idivayisi elimaza amadivayisi e-USB ngokuthumela ama-voltage aphezulu emigqeni yedatha.

Ezinguqulweni ze-Microsoft Windows ngaphambi kwe-I-Windows XP, i-Windows yayizoqalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo iskripthi (uma sikhona) kumadivayisi athile nge-I-AutoRun, okunye kwazo okuyizingxenyekazi zokugcina ze-USB, ezingaqukatha isofthiwe enobungozi.[136]