Izinto zikagesi zabathengi

Kusuka ku-Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics

"I-Consumer Electronics" iqondiswa lapha. Ukuze uthole iqembu lomculo we-elekthronikhi, bheka Philip Best.

Isixuku sabathengi esigabeni se-flatscreen TV se-ibhokisi elikhulu isitolo sezinto zikagesi zabathengi Best Buy ngo-Black Friday, 2009

I-RadioShack isitolo sezinto zikagesi zabathengi senxanxathela yezitolo i-Plaza Caracol e-Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, e-Mexico ngo-2014

Izinto zokusebenza zabathengi noma izinto zokusebenza zasekhaya ziyiezokuxhumana (analog noma digital) imishini ehlelelwe ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile emakhaya. Izinto zokusebenza zabathengi zifaka phakathi amadivayisi asetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa, ukuxhumana kanye ne-ukuzijabulisa. Le mikhiqizo ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imikhiqizo emnyama ngesiNgisi saseMelika, ngenxa yokuthi imikhiqizo eminingi ibekwe ezikhwameni ezimnyama noma ezimnyama. Le misho isetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo "imikhiqizo emhlophe", okukhuluma ngakho ukuphatha indlu imisebenzi, efana nemishini yokuwasha naku-amafriji.[1][2] NgesiNgisi saseBrithani, zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izimpahla ezinsundu ngabakhiqizi nabathengisi.[3][n 1] Ngeminyaka yawo-2010, lo mehluko awukho ezitolo ezinkulu ze-ibhokisi elikhulu izitolo zobuchwepheshe zabathengi, ezithengisa izinto zokuzijabulisa, zokuxhumana nezokusebenza ekhaya, izibani nezinto zikagesi, kuhlanganise nohlobo lwasegunjini lokugezela.

Ukusakaza umsakazo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaletha umkhiqizo wokuqala omkhulu wabathengi, i-umamukeli womsakazo. Imikhiqizo yakamuva yayihlanganisa i-izingcingo, amabonakude, kanye nezibali, bese kuba amarekhoda nabadlali bomsindo nevidiyo, amakhonsoli emidlalo yevidiyo, izingcingo eziphathwayo, amakhompyutha omuntu siqu kanye Ama-MP3 players. Ngeminyaka yawo-2010, izitolo zezinto zikagesi zivame ukuthengisa I-GPS, izinto zikagesi zezimoto (umsindo wemoto), ama-video game consoles, izinsimbi zomculo zikagesi (isib., i-synthesizer amakhibhodi), i-karaoke imishini, amakhamera edijithali, kanye nezidlali zevidiyo (Ama-VCR ngawo-1980 nawo-1990, kwalandelwa yi-ama-DVD players kanye nama-Blu-ray ama-players). Izitolo ziphinde zithengise izinto ezinjenge-izibani ezihlakaniphile kanye ne-izinto zikagesi, amakhamera edijithali, amakhamera okurekhoda, izingcingo eziphathwayo, kanye nama-ama-smartphone. Eminye yemikhiqizo emisha ethengiswayo ihlanganisa i-i-virtual reality isibonisi esigqokwa ekhanda izibuko, izinto zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile ezithi xhuma amadivayisi asekhaya ku-inthanethi, amadivayisi okusakaza, kanye ubuchwepheshe obugqokwayo.

Eminyakeni ye-2010, izinto zikagesi eziningi zabathengi sezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe bedijithali. Zihlanganiswe ngokuyisisekelo ne-ikhompyuthaimboni kulokho okuya ngokuya kubizwa ngokuthi i-ukusetshenziswa ngabathengi ye ubuchwepheshe bolwazi. Ezinye izitolo ezithengisa izinto zikagesi zabathengi seziqale ukuthengisa ifenisha yasehhovisi neyezingane ifenisha. Izitolo ezithengisa izinto zikagesi zabathengi ingase ibe "izitolo ezibonakalayo" izitolo ezibonakalayo zokudayisa, izitolo eziku-inthanethi, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili. Ukuthengiswa kwaminyaka yonke kwezinto zikagesi zabathengi kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-$2.9 trillion ngo-2020.[5] Ingxenye yomkhakha obanzi we-imboni yezinto zikagesi. In turn, the driving force behind the electronics industry is the semiconductor industry.[6]

Indatshana eyinhloko: Umlando wobunjiniyela bukagesi

A radio and TV store in 1961

Iminyaka yayo yokuqala engamashumi amahlanu, i-igilamafoni i-turntable ayizange isebenzise ugesi; inaliti nomsindo wephimbo kwakuyizinto zobuchwepheshe ezingezona ezikagesi. Kodwa-ke, ngeminyaka yawo-1920, ukusakaza ngomsakazo yaba isisekelo se-ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwe-izamukeli zomsakazo. I-amashubhu omoya ayenza imisakazo yasebenza asetshenziswa nama-record player, ukuze akhulise umsindo ukuze udlalwe nge-isipikha esikhulu. Umabonakude wasungulwa ngokushesha kodwa awuzange ube nokubaluleka emakethe yabathengi kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950.

I-transistor yokuqala esebenzayoi-transistor, i-point-contact transistor, yasungulwa ngu-John Bardeen kanye Walter Houser Brattain e-Bell Labs ngo-1947, okwaholela ocwaningweni olukhulu emkhakheni we-i-solid-state ama-semiconductors ekuqaleni kwawo-1950.[7] Ukusungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwama-transistor okuqala e-Bell kwaholela ku-ama-transistor radios. Lokhu kwaholela ekuveleni kwemboni yezokuxhumana yabathengi yasekhaya eqala ngawo-1950, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemizamo ye-i-Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (manje eyi-Sony) ekuthengiseni ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe be-transistor emakethe enkulu, ngama-transistor radios athengekayo kanye nama-amaseti wethelevishini.[8]

Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe (ama-ICs) alandelwa lapho abakhiqizi bakha amasekhethi (imvamisa ngezinjongo zempi) ku-substrate eyodwa besebenzisa ukuxhumana kukagesi phakathi kwamasekhethi ngaphakathi kwe-chip ngokwayo. Ubuchwepheshe be-IC baholela kuma-electronics athuthukile futhi ashibhile, njengama-televishini angena-transistor, izibali eziphathwayo, futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ama-umdlalo wevidiyo ama-consoles kanye amakhompyutha omuntu siqu imindeni evamile ephakathi nendawo engayithenga.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nge-i-compact disc kanye nokwethulwa kwamakhompyutha omuntu siqu, futhi kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, imishini eminingi yezinto zikagesi zabathengi efana namathelevishini nezinhlelo zomsindo, yahlelwa kabusha ibe yidijithali: ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha bedijithali, kanye namasignali edijithali, ahlanganiswa ekusebenzeni kwemishini yezinto zikagesi zabathengi, okwashintsha kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo kodwa kwaba nemiphumela ethuthukisiwe efana nokuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yezithombe kumathelevishini. Lokhu kwenziwa kwenzeka ngenxa ye-umthetho kaMoore.[9]

Ngo-2004, imboni yezinto zikagesi zabathengi yayinenani elingu-US$240 billion ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa imishini yokubuka,imishini yomsindo, kanye amakhonsoli emidlalo. Kwakungumhlaba wonke ngempela, i-Asia Pacific inengxenye yemakethe engu-35%, iYurophu inengxenye engu-31.5%, i-US inengxenye engu-23%, kuthi izwe lonke elisele lithole okusele. Abadlali abakhulu kulo mkhakha bangamagama aziwa emakhaya afana ne-Sony, i-Samsung, i-Philips, i-Sanyo, ne-Sharp.[10]

Ukukhula kokuthandwa kwezinto zasendlini ezinjenge-'izinto ezimhlophe' iyisici esiyisici sezindlela zokusebenzisa ngesikhathi se-inkathi yegolide yomnotho waseNtshonalanga.[11] Imboni Yezinto Ezimhlophe yaseYurophu iguqukile eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, okokuqala ngokushintsha i-intela yempahla engenayo izithiyo, futhi kamuva ngokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo. [12] Ukusetshenziswa kwemali ezintweni zasekhaya kuthatha ingxenye encane kakhulu ye-imali engenayo esetshenziswayo, ekhuphuka ukusuka ku-0.5% e-US ngo-1920, kuya cishe ku-2% ngo-1980. Kodwa ukulandelana kwezinto zikagesi nezemishini izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside ziguqule imisebenzi nolwazi lwemizi eMelika naseBrithani ekhulwini lamashumi amabili. Ngokwanda kwezinto zokupheka, imishini yokuhlanza, iziqandisi, imishini yokuwasha, imisakazo, omabonakude, izinto zokupholisa umoya, nezinto zokushisela ukudla, imizi ithole inani elikhulayo lezinto zikagesi. Naphezu kwe-ukuba khona yalezi zinto,ukusabalala akuqondwa kahle. Ezinye izinhlobo zemishini zisakazeka kaningi kunezinye. Ikakhulukazi, imishini yokuzijabulisa yasekhaya efana nomsakazo nothelevishini isakazeke ngokushesha kakhulu kunemishini yasendlini neyasekhishini."[13]

Bheka futhi: Uhlu lwemikhiqizo kagesi, Isigaba: Izinto zikagesi zabathengi, kanye Imboni yezinto zikagesi

Okuvamile I-CoCo 3 uhlelo lwekhompyutha, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980

Consumer electronics devices include those used for [14]

Imikhiqizo yezobuchwepheshe yabathengi ekhulayo efana ne-ukusatshalaliswa kwemidlalo yevidiyo ngedijithali sekuye kwasekelwa kwinthanethi nobuchwepheshe bedijithali. Imboni yezobuchwepheshe yabathengi ihlanganiswe kakhulu ne-imboni yesofthiwe kulokho okuya ngokuya kubizwa ngokuthi i-ukwenziwa kwabathengi ye-ubuchwepheshe bolwazi.

Iphaneli yesimanje eyisicaba, HDTV ithelevishini

Isici esisodwa esivelele semikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi yabathengi ukuthambekela kokwehla kwamandla amanani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lokhu kuqhutshwa yinzuzo ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza kanye ne-i-automation, i- ephansiabasebenzi izindleko njengoba ukukhiqiza sekuthuthele emazweni anomholo ophansi, kanye nentuthuko ku-i-semiconductor ukuklanywa.[23] Izingxenye ze-Semiconductor zizuza ku-umthetho ka-Moore, umgomo oqashiwe othi, ngenani elithile, ukusebenza kwe-semiconductor kuphindeka kabili njalo eminyakeni emibili.

Ngenkathi izinto zikagesi zabathengi ziqhubeka nokuthambekela kwayo ukuhlangana, kuhlanganiswa izinto zemikhiqizo eminingi, abathengi babhekana nezinqumo ezahlukene zokuthenga. Kunesidingo esikhulayo sokugcina ulwazi lomkhiqizo lubuyekezwe futhi luqhathaniseke ukuze umthengi enze isinqumo esinolwazi. Isitayela, intengo, imininingwane, nokusebenza konke kuyafaneleka. Kukhona ukushintsha okuncane kancane ukuya ku- e-commerce izitolo zewebhu.

Imikhiqizo eminingi ihlanganisa ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-I-Wi-Fi, I-Bluetooth, I-EDGE, noma I-Ethernet. Imikhiqizo engajwayelekile ukuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwekhompyutha (njenge-ama-TV noma i-i-hi-fi imishini) manje inikeza izinketho zokuxhuma ku-inthanethi noma kukhompyutha usebenzisa i-inethiwekhi yasekhaya ukuhlinzeka ukufinyelela kokuqukethwe kwedijithali. Isifiso se-i-high-definition (HD) okuqukethwe kuholele embonini ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obuningi, njenge WirelessHD noma ITU-T G.hn, ezilungiselelwe ukusatshalaliswa kokuqukethwe kwe-HD phakathi kwemishini kagesi yabathengi ekhaya.

Imboni yezobuchwepheshe babathengi ibhekene nabathengi abanokuthanda okungaqaguleki ohlangothini lwesidingo, ukubambezeleka noma ukuphazamiseka okuhlobene nabahlinzeki ohlangothini lokuhlinzeka, kanye nezinselelo zokukhiqiza ezenzeka enqubweni. Izinga eliphezulu lokushintsha noma uguquko lobuchwepheshe lidinga utshalomali olukhulu ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sembuyiselo enenzuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, abadlali abakhulu bathembela ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke ukuze bathole izilinganiso zomnotho. Ngisho nalezi zinkampani ngezinye izikhathi kufanele zibambisane, isibonelo ezindinganisweni, ukuze zinciphise ubungozi botshalomali lwazo.[24]ukulawulwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, kuningi okuxoxwa ngakho mayelana nezingozi ezihlobene nezici ezithile zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ezifana nemijikelezo emifushane yempilo yomkhiqizo, ukuncintisana okuphezulu okuhlangene nokubambisana, kanye nokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke. Imboni yezinto zikagesi zabathengi iwumfanekiso oqondile walezi zici zokuphathwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka nezingozi ezihlobene nazo. Nakuba ezinye zezingozi ezihlobene nokuhlinzekwa nokufunwa zifana nezimboni ezinjengemboni yamathoyizi, imboni yezinto zikagesi zabathengi ibhekana nezingozi ezengeziwe ngenxa yayo ehlanganiswe mpoama-supply chain.[24] Kukhona nezinkinga eziningi ezihambisana ne-supply chain ezithinta wonke amabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenza emazweni ahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa umehluko wamasiko emisebenzini yamazwe ngamazwe, ubungozi bemvelo, ubungozi bemithetho, kanye nobungozi bezinga lokushintshana kwemali emazweni amaningi.[25] Ukuthi isidingo siyafana yini emazweni ahlukene kuthinta izinga lenzuzo evela ekuhlanganisweni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintandokazi zabathengi ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zipazamise izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuziphatha. Isici seminye imikhakha ukuthi isidingo sezinhlobonhlobo siyakhula njengoba imakethe isuka ekuthengeni okokuqala iye esidingweni sokushintsha.[26] Umthombo wokuqonda kangcono lo mqondo wezintandokazi zabathengi ungatholakala encwadini kaLizabeth Cohen enesihloko esithi, "A Consumers' Republic", "Kuphela uma sinesidingo esikhulu esingalindela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu".[27]

Isihloko esikhulu: Imboni yezinto zikagesi

Bheka futhi: Imboni yezinto zikagesi e-Japan, Electronics industry in China, and Electronics industry in Bangladesh

The electronics industry, especially consumer electronics, emerged in the 20th century and has become a global industry worth billions of dollars. Contemporary society uses all manner of electronic devices built-in automated or semi-automated factories operated by the industry.

Main article: imboni yezezimali

Bheka futhi: Ukupakisha kwezezimali

Gramophone ifektri e Hannover-Nordstadt

Izinto eziningi zikagesi ezithengwayo zakhiwa eShayina, ngenxa yezindleko zokunakekela, ukutholakala kwezinto zokusebenza, ikhwalithi, nejubane uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe afana ne-United States.[28] Amadolobha afana ne-Shenzhen abe yizindawo ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza embonini, eheha izinkampani eziningi zikagesi ezithengwayo ezifana ne-Apple Inc.[29]

I-athikili eyinhloko: Ingxenye ye-elektroniki

Ingxenye ye-elektroniki iyithuluzi elibalulekile elihlukile noma into ebonakalayo ohlelweni lwe-elektroniki olusetshenziselwa ukuthinta ama-electron noma izinkambu zazo ezihlobene. Izingxenye ze-elektroniki ngokuvamile zingumkhiqizo wezokukhiqiza, zitholakala ngendlela eyodwa, futhi azihlanganiswa ne-izinto zikagesi, imibono engokomqondo emelela izingxenye zikagesi eziphelele.

Bheka futhi: Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe

I-elekthronikhi yabathengi njengamakhompyutha omuntu siqu isebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zesofthiwe. I-isofthiwe isetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwezinye izinto zikagesi zabathengi, njenge-izingcingo eziphathwayo.[30] Lolu hlobo lwesofthiwe lungashumekwa ngaphakathi kwezingxenyekazi zikagesi zamadivayisi.[31] Eminye imikhiqizo kagesi yabathengi ihlanganisa isofthiwe esetshenziswa kukhompyutha yomuntu siqu ngokuhambisana namadivayisi kagesi, njenge-amakhamera evidiyo kanye ne-amakhamera edijithali, futhi nesofthiwe yangaphandle yale mishini iyatholakala.

Eminye imikhiqizo yezobuchwepheshe yabathengi ilandela izinqubo, ezifana ne-izinqubo zokuxhuma "kumasignali anejubane eliphezulu elihamba ngezindlela ezimbili".[32] E-ezokuxhumana, inqubo yezokuxhumana iwuhlelo lwemithetho yedijithali yokushintshana kwedatha ngaphakathi noma phakathi kwamakhompyutha.

I-Consumer Electronics Show (CES) umbukiso wezohwebo wenzeka minyaka yonke e-Las Vegas, iNevada kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-1973. Lo mcimbi, owakhula usuka ekubeni nababukisi abayi-100 onyakeni wawo wokuqala waba yizinkampani ezibukisayo ezingaphezu kuka-4,500 ngohlelo lwawo lwango-2020, uveza okusha kwezinto zikagesi zabathengi, izinkulumo zezazi zomkhakha kanye nemiklomelo yokusungula izinto ezintsha.[33]

I-IFA Berlin umbukiso wezohwebo ubanjelwe e-Berlin, Jalimane kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1924. Lo mcimbi wethula izinto ezintsha zikagesi zabathengi nezingxoxo ezenziwa ngamavulandlela embonini.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE), umphakathi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni wochwepheshe, unezinhlelo eziningi zokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezinto zikagesi zabathengi. I-IEEE inomphakathi ozinikele wezinkulungwane zochwepheshe ukuthuthukisa i-CE, obizwa nge-Consumer Electronics Society (CESoc).[34] I-IEEE inezincwadi eziningi ezikhishwa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nezingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe zokuthuthukisa i-CE nokukhuthaza ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa okuhlanganyelwe ku-CE. Ingqungquthela eyinhloko ye-CESoc, ebizwa nge-IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), iseminyakeni yayo yama-35.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) I-Society Yekhompyutha nayo iqalise ingqungquthela yokucwaninga ngezinto zikagesi zesizukulwane esilandelayo njenge-Smart Electronics. [38] Ingqungquthela ebizwa nge-IEEE Symposium on Smart Electronics Systems (IEEE-iSES) iseminyakeni yayo yesi-9.[39]

[编辑源代码]

Bheka futhi: Isitolo sezinto zikagesi zabathengi

Gigantti isitolo e-Kokkola, eFinland

Ukuthengiswa kwezinto zikagesi kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-ukudayisa imboni emazweni amaningi. E-United States, izitolo ezizinikele ze-izitolo zezinto zikagesi zabathengi sezishintshiwe zaba izitolo ezinkulu njenge I-Best Buy, umthengisi omkhulu wezinto zikagesi zabathengi ezweni,[40] nakuba izitolo ezincane ezinikezelwe zihlanganisa i-I-Apple Stores, nezitolo eziyizingcweti ezisebenzela, isibonelo, izithandi zomsindo kanye nezinto ezingavamile, njengegatsha elilodwa le-B&H Photo isitolo eNew York City. Abathengisi abanohlu olubanzi, njenge-i-Walmart kanye ne-i-Target, futhi bathengisa izinto zikagesi zabathengi ezitolo eziningi.[40] Ngo-April 2014, ukuthengiswa kwe-e-commerce okuthengiswayo kwakuphezulu kakhulu ezigabeni zikagesi zabathengi namakhompyutha.[41] Abanye abathengisi bezinto zikagesi zabathengi banikeza izibophezelo ezinwetshiwe emikhiqizweni ngezinhlelo ezifana ne- SquareTrade.[42]

Bheka futhi: Isigaba:Abathengisi bezinto zikagesi zabathengi

Indawo yezinto zikagesi iyindawo yezohwebo enenqwaba yezitolo ezithengisa izinto zikagesi zabathengi.[43]

Bheka futhi: Isigaba:Izifunda ze-elekthronikhi

[Hlela umthombo wekhodi]

Bheka futhi: Uchwepheshe wezinto zikagesi

Inkonzo yezinto zikagesi zabathengi ingasho ukulungiswa kwalezo zinto. Lapho izinto zikagesi zabathengi zihluleka ukusebenza, ngezinye izikhathi zingalungiswa.

Ngo-2013, e-Pittsburgh, e-Pennsylvania, ukuthandwa okukhulayo kokulalela umsindo ovela ku-i-analog izinto zomsindo, ezifana ne-ama-phonographs, as opposed to digital sound, has sparked a noticeable increase of business for the electronic repair industry there.[44]

[编辑源代码]

Le mfanekiso ubonisa ukuthi imboni yefoni ephathekayo yathuthuka kanjani yaba yilokho esikubona namuhla njengamanjeama-smartphones.

I ifoni ephathekayo, ifoni ephathekayo, ifoni yeselula, ifoni, ifoni yeselula, noma ifoni yesandla, kwesinye isikhathi kuncishiswa kube ifoni, iselula noma nje ifoni, iyithuluzi eliphathwayo ucingo elingashaya futhi lamukeleizingcingo nge-imvamisa yomsakazo isixhumanisi ngenkathi umsebenzisi ehamba endaweni yesevisi yocingo. Isixhumanisi sefrikhwensi yomsakazo sisungula ukuxhumana nezinhlelo zokushintsha ze-umsebenzisi wocingo oluyiselula, enikeza ukufinyelela ku-inethiwekhi yocingo lomphakathi (PSTN). Izinsiza zanamuhla zocingo oluyiselula zisebenzisa i-inethiwekhi yamaselula ubuchwepheshe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izingcingo eziphathwayo zibizwa ngokuthi izingcingo zamaselula noma ama-cell phones eNyakatho Melika. Ngaphezu kwe-izingcingo, izingcingo ezihambayo zedijithali (2G) zisekela ezinye izinto ezahlukene izinsiza, ezifana imiyalezo ebhaliwe, MMS, i-imeyili, Ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi, ukuxhumana okungenazintambo okubanzi (i-infrared, i-Bluetooth), izinhlelo zebhizinisi, imidlalo yevidiyo kanye ne-ukuthwebula izithombe ngedijithali. Omakhalekhukhwini abanikela ngezinto ezinjalo kuphela baziwa ngokuthi ama-feature phones; omakhalekhukhwini abanikeza amandla aphakeme kakhulu ekhompyutha babizwa ngokuthi ama-smartphones.[45]

A umakhalekhukhwini ohlakaniphile iyi-ithuluzi eliphathwayo ehlanganisa i-ucingo lomakhalekhukhwini kanye ne-ikhompyutha imisebenzi ibe yiyunithi eyodwa. Zihlukaniswa kusuka ku-izingcingo eziyisisekelo ngamandla azo e-hardware aqinile kanye nokusebenza okubanzi kwe-izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingomahamba nendlwana, ezisiza ukusabalalisa okubanzi kwe-isoftware, i-inthanethi (kuhlanganise ukuzulazula kuwebhu ngaphezu kwe-i-mobile broadband), kanye i-multimedia ukusebenza (okuhlanganisa umculo, ividiyo, amakhamera, kanyeimidlalo yekhompyutha), kanye nemisebenzi eyisisekelo yocingo efana ne-izingcingo zomsindo kanyeukuthumela imiyalezo. Ama-Smartphone ngokuvamile aqukethe inani le- MOSFET i-circuit ehlanganisiwe ama-chip (IC), ahlanganisa okuhlukahlukene izinzwa ezingasetshenziswa isofthiwe efakiwe kusengaphambili neyezinkampani zangaphandle (njenge-i-magnetometer, izinzwa zokusondela, ibarometer, igyroscope, i-accelerometer kanye ne-okuningi), futhi isekela i-i-wireless izivumelwano zokuxhumana (ezinjenge-i-Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, noma ukuzulazula ngesathelayithi).

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Izihloko eziyinhloko: Imboni yomakhalekhukhwini eNdiya, Imboni yomakhalekhukhwini eJaphan, Imboni yomakhalekhukhwini eRussia, kanye Imboni yomakhalekhukhwini eNingizimu Korea

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Imiphumela yoMhlahlandlela Wogesi Oluhlaza ka-2017

Ngo-2017, I-Greenpeace yase-USA yashicilela ucwaningo lwezinkampani eziyi-17 ezihamba phambili emhlabeni ezenza izinto zikagesi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwazo kwamandla nezinsiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.[46]

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Imishini kagesi isebenzisa izinkulungwane zezinsimbi ezingavamile kanye nezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba (ezilinganiselwa ku-40 ngokwesilinganiso kwi-smartphone), lezi zinto zikhishwa futhi zihlanzwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezisebenzisa amanzi namandla amaningi. Lezi zinsimbi ziphinde zisetshenziswe embonini yamandla avuselelekayo okusho ukuthi izinto zikagesi zabathengi zincintisana ngokuqondile nezinto ezingavuthiwe.[47][48]

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Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezinto zikagesi zabathengi kanye nomthelela wazo emvelweni, kungaba ngenxa yezinqubo zokukhiqiza noma ukulahlwa kwemishini, kukhula ngokuqhubekayo.I-EIA ililinganisela ukuthi izinto zikagesi namadivayisi kusetshenziswa amandla angaba ngu-10%–15% emakhaya aseMelika – ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenani lazo; indlu evamile inamadivayisi kagesi amaningi.[49] Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezinto zikagesi zabathengi kuyanda – eMelika naseYurophu – kufinyelele cishe ku-50% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla endlini uma leli gama lichazwa kabusha ukuthi lihlanganisa izinto zasekhaya ezifana amafriji, izomisi, imishini yokuwasha izingubo futhi imishini yokugeza izitsha.

[编辑源代码]

Amandla okulinda – esetshenziswa imikhiqizo yezobuchwepheshe yabathengi kanye nezinto zikagesi ngenkathi zivaliwe – ibala u-5–10% wokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele endlini, kubiza u-$100 ngonyaka emndenini ojwayelekile e-United States.[50] Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-uMnyango Wezamandla wase-United Stateswe-i-Berkeley Lab yathola ukuthi iziqophi zamavidiyo (VCRs) zisebenzisa ugesi omningi phakathi nonyaka zisesimweni sokulinda kunalapho zisetshenziselwa ukuqopha noma ukudlala amavidiyo. Okutholakele okufanayo kwatholakala maqondana ne-amabhokisi esathelayithi, okusebenzisa amandla acishe afane ngesikhathi "sivuliwe" noma "sivaliwe".[51]

Ucwaningo lwango-2012 e-United Kingdom, olwenziwa yi-Energy Saving Trust, lwathola ukuthi izinto ezisebenzisa amandla amaningi ngesikhathi zilindile zihlanganisa omabonakude, amabhokisi esathelayithi, nezinye izinto zevidiyo nomsindo. Ucwaningo lwaphetha ngokuthi imindeni yase-UK ingonga imali efinyelela ku-£86 ngonyaka ngokucisha izinto esikhundleni sokusebenzisa imodi yokulinda.[52] Umbiko ovela ku-International Energy Agency ngo-2014 kwatholakala ukuthi u-$80 billion wamandla alahleka emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwemishini kagesi.[53] Abathengi banganciphisa ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile kwamandla alindile ngokukhipha imishini yabo emithonjeni, basebenzise amapulangwe kagesi anezinyusi, noma bathenge imishini eyenziwe yamukelekile ukuze ilawule amandla kangcono, ikakhulukazi Energy Starimikhiqizo emakwe ngophawu.[50]

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Imfucuza kagesi: imishini kagesi elahliwe

Inani eliphezulu lezinsimbi ezahlukene namazinga aphansi okugxila kwezinto zikagesi kusho ukuthi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kukhawulelwe futhi kudinga amandla amaningi.[47] Imfucuza kagesi ichaza imishini kagesi elahliwe. Imikhiqizo eminingi yabathengi ingaqukatha amaminerali anobuthi nezinto,[54] futhi izingxenye eziningi zensalela kagesi, njenge-CRTs, zingaqukatha ukungcola okufana ne-lead, i-cadmium, i-beryllium, i-mercury, ama-dioxins, noma ama-brominated flame retardants. Ukugaywa kabusha kwe-Electronic waste kungaholela engcupheni enkulu kubasebenzi nasemiphakathini futhi kudingeka ukunakekela okukhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukuchayeka okungaphephile emisebenzini yokugaywa kabusha nokuvuza kwezinto ezifana nezinsimbi ezisindayo ezivela ku-ama-landfills kanye umshini wokushisa udoti umlotha. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulu lemfucuza kagesi ekhiqizwayo emazweni athuthukile liyathunyelwa ngaphandle, futhi liphathwa yi- informal sector emazweni afana ne-India, naphezu kokuthi ukuthumela imfucuza ye-elekthronikhi kuwo akukho emthethweni. Umkhakha ongahlelekile onamandla ungaba yinkinga ekugayweni kabusha okuphephile nokuhlanzekile.[55]

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Inqubomgomo yemfucuza ye-elekthronikhi iye yashintsha izimo ezahlukene kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, kanti ukugcizelela kuye kwashintsha njengoba iminyaka iqhubeka. Kancane kancane kwagcizelelwa isidingo sokulahla le mfucuza ngokucophelela ngenxa yezinto ezinobuthi ezingaba kuyo. Kuye kwaqashelwa nokuthi izinsimbi ezahlukene eziyigugu kanye namapulasitiki avela emishinini kagesi engasebenzi angavuselelwa ukuze asetshenziselwe ezinye izinto. Muva nje, ukuthandeka kokusebenzisa kabusha imishini yonke kuye kwagqanyiswa emihlahlandleleni 'yokulungiselela ukusetshenziswa kabusha'. Inqubomgomo igxila kancane kancane ekushintsheni kwemibono mayelana nokusetshenziswa kabusha nokulungisa.

Ngoba ukushintshwa kwemishini emincane yasendlini kuphezulu futhi izindleko ziphansi, abathengi abaningi baphonsa izinto zikagesi ezingasadingeki emgqonyeni ojwayelekile, okusho ukuthi izinto ezingase zibe nenzuzo enkulu ngokuphinda zisetshenziswe noma zihlaziywe ziphelela ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza. Nakuba izinto ezinkulu njengemishini yokuwasha zivame ukuqoqwa, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani angu-160,000 we-EEE emaqoqweni ajwayelekile emfucuza ayenani elingama-£220 million. Futhi u-23% we-EEE othunyelwe ezikhungweni zokulahla imfucuza yasendlini wawungadayiswa ngokushesha – noma ungadayiswa ngemva kokulungiswa okuncane noma ukuthuthukiswa. Lokhu kukhombisa ukungazi kwabathengi mayelana nokuthi kufanele balahle kuphi futhi kanjani i-EEE kanye nenani elingaba khona lezinto eziphonswa emgqonyeni.

Ukuze ukusetshenziswa kabusha nokulungiswa kwezinto zikagesi kukhule kakhulu e-UK, kufanele kunqotshwe izithiyo ezithile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungathembeki kwabantu empahleni esetshenzisiwe mayelana nokuthi izosebenza yini, iphephile, kanye nokucwaswa kwabanye ngokuba nempahla esetshenzisiwe. Kodwa izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa kabusha zingavumela imindeni enemali engenayo ephansi ukuthi ifinyelele kubuchwepheshe obabungakwazi ukubuthenga ngaphambilini, kuyilapho isiza imvelo ngesikhathi esifanayo.[56]

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Izibonisi zedeskithophu nama-laptop zikhiqiza izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo yomzimba kubantu lapho imizimba iphoqelelwa ezindaweni ezingenampilo nezingakhululekile ukuze ibone isikrini kangcono. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlungu nezinkinga zentamo nomhlane ziyanda, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-ukulimala okuphindaphindayo kwezihlunu. Ukusebenzisa izinto zikagesi ngaphambi kokulala kwenza kube nzima kubantu ukulala, kulimaze impilo yomuntu. Ukulala kancane kuvimbela abantu ekwenzeni ngamandla abo aphelele emzimbeni nasemqondweni futhi kungase "kwandise amazinga okukhuluphala nesifo sikashukela", okuyimiphumela "yesikhathi eside empilweni".[57] Ukukhuluphala kanye nesifo sikashukela kuvame ukubonakala kubafundi nasentsheni ngoba yibona abavame ukusebenzisa izinto zikagesi kakhulu. "Abantu abavame ukusebenzisa izithupha zabo ukuthayipha imiyalezo emafonini bangathola ubuhlungu obubizwa ngokuthi i-De Quervain syndrome okuthinta izintambo zazo ezandleni. Isifo esaziwa kakhulu kulesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi i-carpal tunnel syndrome, okubangelwa ingcindezi emthanzini we-median esihlakaleni".[57]